Publications

2022

International Nurse Recruitment Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for the Nursing Workforce Leader

Shaffer, F.A., Bakhshi, M., Cook, K., Álvarez, T.D. (2022). International Nurse Recruitment Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for the Nursing Workforce Leader. Nurse Leader, 20(2): 161-167. DOI: 10.1016/j.mnl.2021.12.001

2021

Nursing in Albania: A Catalytic Force in Transforming Health Professionals and Health Care

Rocco, G., Affonso, D., Caruso, R., Duka, B., Giardina, B., Notarnicola, I., Sabatino, L., Shaffer, F.A., Stievano, Al. (2021). Nursing in Albania: A Catalytic Force in Transforming Health Professionals and Health Care. Journal of Nurse Scholarship, 53(4): 479-489. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12655

2021

Ethical Challenges and Nursing Recruitment During COVID-19

Stievano, A., Bakhshi, M., Shaffer, F.A., Hamilton, D. (2021). Ethical Challenges and Nursing Recruitment During COVID-19. Nursing Ethics, 28(1): 6-8. DOI: 10.1177/0969733021989180

2021

Leveraging the Trust of Nurses to Advance a Digital Agenda in Europe: A Critical Review of Health Policy Literature

De Raeve, P., Davidson, P.M., Shaffer, F.A., Pol, E., Kumar Pandey, A., Adams, E. (2021). Leveraging the Trust of Nurses to Advance a Digital Agenda in Europe: A Critical Review of Health Policy Literature, European Commission. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13231.2

2021

The Contributions of Immigration Nurses in the U.S. During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A CGFNS International Study

Shaffer, F.A., Bakhshi, M.A., Cook, K.N., Álvarez, T.D. (2021). The Contributions of Immigration Nurses in the U.S. During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A CGFNS International Study. Nurse Leader, 19(2), 198-203. DOI: 10.1016/j.mnl.2020.11.007

2020

Nurse and Health Professional Migration During COVID-19

Shaffer, F.A., Rocco, G., Stievano, A. (2020). Nurse and Health Professional Migration During COVID-19. Prof Inferm, 73(3): 129-130. DOI: 10.7429/pi.2020.733129

August, 2020

Nurse turnover: Understand it, reduce it

Shaffer, F. A., Curtin, L. (August 2020).  Nurse turnover: Understand it, reduce it.  American Nurse Journal, 15(8).

https://www.myamericannurse.com/nurse-turnover-understand-it-reduce-it/

Because of the stress involved in nursing, many healthcare organizations have high rates of nurse turnover. The cost of nurse turnover can have a huge impact on a hospital’s profit margin. Managing turnover is about mindfully creating a workplace culture that supports high performers financially, intellectually, and psychologically while at the same time providing a means to efficiently and fairly weed out poor performers.

October, 2019

Disrupting Policy and Practice: Refugees Shaping the Future.

Shaffer, F. A., Sciasci, N. G., & Álvarez, T. D. (October/December 2019). Disrupting Policy and Practice: Refugees Shaping the Future. Nursing Administration Quarterly43(4), 370–373. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000368 

The focus of this article is to identity how refugees, specifically refugee nurses, are reshaping standard policy practices when it comes to integration and inclusion, as well as economic and social well-being. It is critical for societies to recognize refugee nurses’ professional qualifications, skills, and abilities in order to address the ongoing shortages of health professionals that many nations are facing today. 

 

October, 2019

Digital Health: Join the Movement.

Shaffer, F. A., & Preziosi, P. (October/December 2019). Digital Health: Join the Movement. Nursing Administration Quarterly43(4), 351–353. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000371 

Digital health is on the precipice of a major breakthrough to disrupt the traditional models of health care delivery. Health professionals, regardless of what part of the healthcare industry they serve, must embrace this disruption wholeheartedly in practice, education, and regulation. 

October, 2019

Evolution of Care and Nursing: Moving with the Patients.

Preziosi, P., & Shaffer, F. A. (October/December 2019). Evolution of Care and Nursing: Moving with the Patients. Nursing Administration Quarterly43(4), 329–332. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000372 

As the baby boomer generation ages, we will see dramatic growth in healthcare spending, which will influence the health care market in new ways. Nurses now have more tools (iemHealth, telemedicine, and electronic health records) that they can use to provide assistance to their practices outside of acute care settings. These realities are all contributors to an evolving trend: retail health. 

May, 2019

Overview and Summary: Past, Present, and Future: Nurses Address the Times of Our Lives

Shaffer, F. A. (2019). Overview and Summary: Past, Present, and Future: Nurses Address the Times of Our Lives. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 24(2). doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol24No02ManOS 

In a world of uncertainty, nurses should: become more entrepreneurial, embrace technological advancement, and globalize their mindset and practices. The power of nursing extends beyond bedside. By learning from our experiences as well as our mistakes, nurses can adapt and evolve to fit the needs of the future. 

January, 2019

The Role of Nurses in Advancing the Objectives of the Global Compacts for Migration and on Refugees.

Shaffer, F., Bakhshi, M., Farrell, N., & Álvarez, T. (January/March 2019). The Role of Nurses in Advancing the Objectives of the Global Compacts for Migration and on Refugees.  Nursing Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 10–18. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000328 

Nurses are facilitators of migration and can help ensure that the benefits of migration are maximized and the challenges are mitigated. Often, nurses are migrants themselves. Leveraging nurses’ knowledge, experience, talents, and compassion is crucial for attaining the objectives of both the Global Compact for Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees. 

January, 2019

Guest Editorial.

Shaffer, F. A. (January/March 2019). Guest Editorial.  Nursing Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 3. doi: 10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000323 

The greater nursing community work together to become globally competent, evolving beyond traditional, inward models of thinking by taking on a more global approach—in education, research, practice, and beyond—to help tackle some of the leading issues facing humanity. 

2018

Shaping nursing profession regulation through history – a systematic review.

Stievano, A., Caruso, R., Pittella, F., Shaffer, F. A., Rocco, G., & Fairman, J. (2018). Shaping nursing profession regulation through history – a systematic review.  International Nursing Review, 66(1), 17–29. doi: 10.1111/inr.12449 

The research explored factors that historically influenced the socio-contextual circumstances upon which governments made regulatory changes. A deeper understanding of the developments of the nursing regulatory institutions provides the foundation for portable standards that can be applied across an array of jurisdictions to guarantee a better public safety. 

April, 2018

Advocating to Protect Our Nurses: Addressing Unethical Recruitment of Foreign-Educated nurses.

Shaffer, F., Bakhshi, M., & Jacobs, A. (April/June 2018). Advocating to Protect Our Nurses: Addressing Unethical Recruitment of Foreign-Educated nurses.  Nursing Administration Quarterly, 42(2), 107–114. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000274 

The Alliance for Ethical International Recruitment Practices’ Health Care Code for Ethical Recruitment and Employment Practices and WHO’s Global Code of Practice represent important models for collaboration across diverse stakeholder groups to promote the rights of foreign-educated nurses in an era of increasing nurse migration.

2016

A New Model for Assessing Entry-Level Education of Internationally Educated Nurses: A Retrospective Perspective.

Shaffer, F. A., Robinson, M. A., Dutka, J. T., & Tuttas, C. (2016). A New Model for Assessing Entry-Level Education of Internationally Educated Nurses: A Retrospective Perspective. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 6(4), 51–57. doi: 10.1016/s2155-8256(16)31008-0 

No formal international standard for nursing education exists; therefore, the scope of practice and the role of the nurse may differ from one country to another. Licensing authorities in destination countries should aim to provide a fair, valid, and consistent assessment of internationally-educated nurses.  The researchers used the partnership between the NNAS and CGFNS as a model, which has provided a conceptual framework for credential assessment for the nursing profession and beyond. 

June, 2016

Code for ethical international recruitment practices: the CGFNS alliance case study

Shaffer, F. A., Bakhshi, M., To Dutka, J., & Phillips, J. (2016). Code for ethical international recruitment practices: the CGFNS alliance case study.  Human Resources for Health, 14(S1), 113–119. doi: 10.1186/s12960-016-0127-6 

The case study describes a multi-stakeholder effort to promote ethical recruitment practices and offers both a historical perspective and a conceptual framework for examining the multiplicity of factors affecting the migration of human resources for health. The lessons learned provide critical insights into the factors pertaining to the relevancy and effectiveness of the WHO Global Code of Practice, as well as recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of the WHO Code.  

2016

Human Resources for Health 2030 and the regulatory agenda.

Benton, D. C., & Shaffer, F. A. (2016). Human Resources for Health 2030 and the regulatory agenda. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(6), 705–707. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12420 

In this editorial, the authors discuss the need for regulatory reform that needs to take place internationally in order to make progress towards achieving universal health coverage and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. 

2016

How the nursing profession can contribute to sustainable development goals.

Benton, D., & Shaffer, F. A. (2016). How the nursing profession can contribute to sustainable development goals. Nursing Management, 23(7), 29–34. doi: 10.7748/nm.2016.e1534 

This article reports the results of a scientometrics analysis of the published literature related to the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals indexed in CINAHL, which identified the underlying themes addressed by nurses and midwives. Although nursing was slow to engage with the MDG agenda, it has made some progress in contributing to SDG scholarship. So far this contribution has been narrowly focused, but the profession could contribute to all 17 of the SDG goals. 

October, 2015

Business Case for Ethical Recruitment

Franklin A. Shaffer, EdD, RN, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, Mukul Bakhshi, JD, and Esther M. Kim, MSN, RN, CNRN, Nurse Leader, pages 40-43, 48, October 2015

2014

The role of internationally educated nurses in a quality, safe workforce.

Sherwood, G. D., & Shaffer, F. A. (2014). The role of internationally educated nurses in a quality, safe workforce. Nursing Outlook, 62(1), 46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2013.11.001 

This article examines nurse migration and employment of internationally educated nurses in the context of supporting and maintaining safe, quality patient care environments via regulations governing their movement, educational comparability, and quality and safety competencies that meet certain standards. 

May, 2014

The Joys of Travel Nursing

Shaffer, Franklin A., American Nurse Today, Vol. 9, Number 5, May 2014

May, 2014

Leading Means Consensus

Shaffer, Franklin A. Journal of Infusion Nursing, Volume 37, Number 3, May/June 2014

March, 2014

The Future of Nursing: Domestic Agenda, Global Implications

Shaffer, F. A., Davis, C. R., Dutka, J. T., & Richardson, D. R. (2014). The Future of Nursing. Journal of Transcultural Nursing25(4), 388–394. doi: 10.1177/1043659614523474 

The 2010 Institute of Medicine report, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, challenges the nursing profession to take a key role in redesigning the healthcare system. This article addresses four IOM recommendations relevant to internationally educated nurses and their policy implications: nurse residency programs, lifelong learning, leading change to advance health, and interprofessional health care workforce data. 

March, 2014

Scales, Causes and Implications of the Primary Care Nursing Shortage

MacLean L, Hassmiller S, Shaffer F, Rohrbaugh K, Collier T, and Fairman J. Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 35, pages 443-457, March 2014

January, 2014

Ensuring a Global Workforce: A Challenge and Opportunity

Shaffer, F. A. (2014). Ensuring a global workforce: A challenge and opportunity. Nursing Outlook62(1), 1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2013.08.001 

Nurses represent a major sector of the workforce in the global economy, and their movement from country to country is a critical concern for both source and destination countries. This guest editorial discusses the myriad of legal, economic, cultural, social, and educational ramifications associated with the globalization of the nursing workforce. 

January, 2014

The Role of Internationally Educated Nurses in a Quality, Safe Workforce

Sherwood G, Shaffer F. Nursing Outlook, Volume 62, Issue 1, pages 46-52, January 2014

January, 2014

Perceptions of Employment-Based Discrimination Among Newly Arrived Foreign-Educated Nurses

Pittman P, Davis C, Shaffer F, Herrera, C-N, Bennett, C. American Journal of Nursing, Volume 114, Issue 1 – pages 26–35, January 2014

2014

Original Research.

Pittman, P., Davis, C., Shaffer, F. A., Herrera, C.-N., & Bennett, C. (2014). Original Research. AJN, American Journal of Nursing114(1), 26–35. doi: 10.1097/01.naj.0000441792.93279.29 

Researchers asked foreign-educated nurses recruited to work in the U.S. about their hourly wages; clinical and cultural orientation; wages, benefits, and shift or unit assignments; and job satisfaction. They found that 51% reported receiving insufficient orientation and 40% reported at least one discriminatory practice with regard to wages, benefits, or shift or unit assignments, raising practical and ethical concerns. 

December, 2013

Amazing Apps: Space-age Tools for Clinicians

Shaffer F, Maliszewski S. American Nurse Today, Volume 8, Number 12, December 2013

October, 2013

Global Mobility for Internationally Educated Nurses: Challenges and Regulatory Implications

Shaffer, F. A., & Dutka, J. T. (2013). Global Mobility for Internationally Educated Nurses: Challenges and Regulatory Implications. Journal of Nursing Regulation4(3), 11–16. doi: 10.1016/s2155-8256(15)30124-1 

This article presents the challenges and regulatory implications of nurses entering the United States on an occupational visa and in applying for a license to practice. 

August, 2013

Travel Nursing and 21st Century Staffing

Tuttas C. Nurse Leader, Volume 11, Issue 4, pages 43-46, August 2013

June, 2012

Immigration and Contract Problems Experienced by Foreign-Educated Nurses

Pittman P, Herrera C, Spetz J, Davis CR., Medical Research and Review, Volume 69, Number 3, pages 351-365, June 2012

February, 2012

Perspectives on Credential Evaluation: Future Trends and Regulatory Implications

Shaffer F, To Dutka J. Journal of Nursing Regulation, Volume 3, Number 1, pages 26-31, January – February 2012

September, 2011

Destination U.S.A. – Knowing the Right Questions to Ask

Shaffer F. Medical Tourism Magazine, September 29, 2011

2011

An Integrative review of global nursing workforce issues

Nichols, B.N., Davis, C.R., & Richardson, D.R. In A. Debisette and J. Vessey (Eds.) Annual Review of Nursing Research, Volume 28, Nursing Workforce Issues, Chapter 5, 2011

December, 2011

Global Nursing Leadership: A Practical Guide

Nichols B, Shaffer F, Porter C. Nursing Administration Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 4, pages 354-359, October/December 2011

November, 2011

What Nursing Leaders Must Master

Shaffer F. Nursing Administration Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 4, p 291, October/November 2011

2011

Global nurse migration

Nichols, B.N., Davis, C.R., & Richardson, D.R., Power and politics in nursing and health care, sixth edition, pages 401-408, Philadelphia: Saunder/Elsevier, 2011

2010

International Models of Nursing

Nichols, B. Davis, C.R., & Richardson, D.R. In Institute of Medicine (Ed.) The Future of Nursing: Leading change, advancing health (Appendix J). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

2010

The Official Guide for Foreign-Educated Allied Health Professionals

What You Need to Know About Health Care and the Allied Health Professions in the United States Davis C, Nichols B eds (2010)

2009

The Official Guide for Foreign-Educated Nurses

What You Need to Know About Nursing and Health Care in the United States Davis C, Nichols B eds (2009)

2008

Return Migration of Nurses

Haour-Knipe M, Davies A. 2008

December, 2007

Foreign trained nurses in U.S. healthcare

Nichols, B., Davis, C.R., & Gessert, C.E., The American Journal of Public Health, December 2007

March, 2007

Impact of Global Nurse Migration

Nichols B. White Paper from the 2008 FAST Health Workshop Nursing, Health & Environment in the Mid East, Doha, Qatar, March 23-25, 2007

2007

Building Global Alliances III

The Impact of Global Nurse Migration on Health Services Delivery,” Nichols B, 2007

2007

Nursing Self-Sufficiency/Sustainability in the Global Context

Little L, Buchan J. 2007

2007

Building international bridges

CGFNS International, Inc., In D.H. Berger, J.P. Curran, & W.A. Stock (Eds), The immigration nurse book, New York: ILW.com. Contributing CGFNS author, 2007

2006

International nurses perceptions of their clinical practice

Edwards, P., & Davis, C. R., Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, Volume 37 #6, pages 265-9, 2006

March, 2006

The Basics of Cultural Competence: A Conversation with Barbara Nichols

Padilla P. NSNA Imprint, February/March 2006

2006

Positive Practice Environment: Key Considerations for the Development of a Framework to Support the Integration of International Nurses

Adams E, Kennedy A, 2006

2005

Think Tank Monograph: Building Global Alliances II: The Evolving Healthcare Migration

Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools

2005

Foreign nurses in the U.S. workforce

Davis, C.R., & Kritek, P.B., Healthy work environments: Foreign nurse recruitment best practices,Washington, DC: American Organization of Nurse Executives, pages 2-11, 2005

2005

International migration: Easing the transition to practice

Davis, C.R., In P. Kritek (Ed.), Building global alliances II: The evolving healthcare migration, Philadelphia, PA, pages 33-36, 2005

2004

Think Tank Monograph: Building Global Alliances

Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools

2004

Trends In International Nurse Migration

iken LH, Buchan J, Sochalski J, Nichols B, Powell M. Health Affairs, Volume 23, Issue 3, pages 69–77, 2004

March, 2004

Crossing Borders: International Nurses in the U.S. Workforce

Davis CR. NSNA Imprint, February/March 2004

2004

International Nurses Adapting to U.S. Nursing Practice

Davis CR. Nursing 2004 Career Directory, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

2003

How to Help International Nurses Adjust

Davis CR. Nursing 2003 Career Directory, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Springhouse, PA, pages 86-88, 2003

2002

Characteristics of Foreign Nurse Graduates in the Unites States Workforce — 2000–2001

Davis CR. A survey by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools

2002

The foreign nurse graduate and the changing U.S. workforce

Davis CR, Nichols BL. Journal of Nursing Administration,Volume 26, Number 2, pages 43-51, 2002

1999

An update on the trilateral initiative for North American nursing

Davis, C.R. In M.P. Lenn & B.D. Miller (Eds.) The foundation of globalization of higher education and the professions Washington, DC: Center for Quality Assurance in International Education, pages 109-112, 1999

1997

Immigrant nursing personnel: The view from CGFNS

Davis, C.R., & Maroun, V.M. In J. Dienemann (Ed.) Creating a climate for cultural competence, pages 33-43, 1997

1996

Trilateral Initiative for North America Nursing: An Assessment of North American Nursing

by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools